Compare and contrast Hobbess and Freuds view on human natu essays

Look into Hobbess and Freuds see on human natu expositions Sigmund Freud, an Austrian doctor, and Thomas Hobbes, an English rationalist, were two significant men who assumed jobs in characterizing human instinct. Freud and Hobbes marked the total of characteristics and attributes shared by all individuals. Freud had progressive thoughts on how the human psyche functions and Freud's speculations have acquired new advances youngster instruction, training, and human science. The vast majority in Western culture see human conduct in any event in Freudian terms. Be that as it may, Hobbes was increasingly worried about a political hypothesis. He denied that individuals are normally social creatures. In any case, Hobbess and Freuds thoughts investigate from various perspectives. Hobbes contended rather that individuals' most fundamental thought processes are childish. Individuals, he closed, are egotistical. They are moved principally by want for power and by dread of others. So without an almighty ruler to manage them, their lives would be horrible. Hobbes accepted the legislature was made to ensure individuals structure their own childishness and shrewdness. He accepted that there was a consistent rivalry among individuals and that individuals can't be trusted. He posed basic and testing inquiries about the connection among science and religion and the nature and confinements of political force. To Freud, individuals were sexual makes from birth to adulthood. He considered the to be of people as being controlled by restricted physical and mental powers in a constrained world. He was threatening to religion and talked about it as a dream. Freud wished to see a human advancement loaded with kind individuals. Freud isolated the psyche into three sections the id, the sense of self, and the superego. The id is the wellspring of such senses, for example, want for sexual joy. The sense of self purposes clashes among impulses and outer reality. The superego is an individual's still, small voice. All individuals have some contention among the three pieces of the psyche, however certain individuals have more clash than others. Freud saw that numerous patients carried on air conditioning... <!

Free Essays on Young Goodman Brown

Fearing the Dark of Humanity Nathaniel Hawthorne?s ?Young Goodman Brown,? broadly viewed as probably the best work, represents strikingly how society and culture can impact one?s feeling of the real world (53 ). Goodman Brown is everyman of general insight endeavoring to live and accomplish a superior life (60 ). Confidence and honesty were day by day subjects in Puritan culture, anyway when Goodman Brown faces change in his discernment, the once strong establishment is washed away. The excursion into the wild illuminates Brown to cultural realities in the midst of his battle inside himself and against individual men. It is a feared stroll on the clouded side of the human heart (26 ). Expending a large portion of Hawthorne?s story is a trial of confidence. For a quarter of a year Brown has been hitched to a young lady representing his confidence (60 ). She even conveys this name and gives her job access the story bind to that part of her husband?s life. Earthy colored requires his significant other multiple times as he remains before the villain at the change. Goodman at that point cries, ?My Faith is gone.?(9 ) As Brown is brought into the most profound shadows of the backwoods and enters the fiends consecrated assistance, Hawthorne performs his inclination that once responsibility to detestable has been made, its motivation must win by making sure about a rack in Goodman?s soul. There is no battle of capacity to contradict it and in this story the force is inconsistent to the point that Faith, apparently the Devil?s foe, is brought into the camp of the foe (11 ). She shows up at the administration as a baptismal applicant alongside Goodman, a black out suggestio n that Faith has her own contract with the Devil. This additionally proposes her complicity might be before and more profound than Brown?s, as Faith could?ve assumed a job in the way of her significant other (12 ). Her conceivable association at that point welcomes on a lowered incongruity in the way in which Faith comes to meet Goodman when he comes back to the town, as though she had not been available in the timberland. She welcomes him in a m... Free Essays on Young Goodman Brown Free Essays on Young Goodman Brown In 1835, Nathaniel Hawthorne composed â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† utilizing analogies and chronicled orders to make the narrative of a youngster going in the forested areas who gets together with the villain and sees the destiny of the townspeople he cherishes and lives with. A long way from a basic story, Hawthorne uses his own parentage and a brightness the entirety of his own to show an ethical exercise to the peruser and ingrain a feeling of righteousness. The story told is one of risk and dread, however the message given is one that can leave you with a positive impression and an attention to your own self. Hawthorne’s interest with seventeenth-century Puritan culture can be credited to his own heritage. His extraordinary incredible granddad originated from England in 1630 with John Winthrop’s extraordinary relocation, the first of his family line in America, and assisted with the settling of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He settled first in Dorchester afterward moved to Salem where his impact among the Puritan’s just developed. A dear companion of Winthrop and other unmistakable authorities in the town, William Hathorne, rose to the workplace of speaker in the House of Delegates and turned into a significant in the Salem local army (Stewart, 1). He strongly resisted Charles II in declining to come back to England, alongside Governor Bellingham, to contest the allegation of â€Å"the colony’s tenacious disobedience to regal authority† (Turner, 60). Be that as it may, in spite of his courageous American qualities, William Hathorne’s shame lies in the arraignment of the Quakers and his fierceness in his condemning. Hawthorne expounded on him in â€Å"The Custom House†: The figure of the principal predecessor, contributed by family convention with a diminish and gloomy glory, was available to my innocent creative mind for as long as I can recall. It despite everything frequents me, and incites a kind of home inclination with the past†¦.He was a fighter, official, judge; he was a ruler in the Church; he had all the Puritanic characteristics, both great and fiendishness. He was lik... Free Essays on Young Goodman Brown Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† tells a story of a youngster, Goodman Brown, who takes an excursion through the wild to characterize his actual confidence in his strict confidence. In addition to the fact that Goodman browns find the internal underhandedness in the holiest individuals he knows, yet he discovers that his own better half, Faith, has gone to the villain. Hawthorne utilizes Faith and others to demonstrate to individuals that each one has a smidgen of underhandedness and sin in them. Before Goodman Brown leaves Faith discloses to him that he should remain and not leave her on during the night, however he answers her back revealing to her it will be okay â€Å"My love and Faith.†(614) This kicks off the story by representing that Faith is simply not his significant other, yet shows that she is his strict confidence also. Goodman Brown alludes to Faith all through the excursion from multiple points of view. At the point when Goodman Brown first experiences the fallen angel, he is inquired as to why he is late. He answers â€Å"Faith held me back awhile.†(614) Showing that he isn't sure he truly needs to continue with the excursion. In the puzzling woods, one next to the other strolling with the villain Goodman Brown is befuddled on proceeding into the forested areas, yet he continues seeing holly individuals on a similar way that he is voyaging following the demon. Goodman Brown sees the first of his acutance, which shows the underhandedness inside themselves named goody Cloyse. She is experienced by earthy colored and the demon as they are strolling through the forested areas, the fallen angel â€Å"pointed his staff at a female figure on the path†(616). This figure is a significant figure in brown’s life. She is a similar lady â€Å"who had shown his drill, in youth was as yet his good and profound adviser† (616) Surprisingly, she pivots and starts a discus sion with the fiend. â€Å" The devil!† shouted the ethical old woman. â€Å"Then goody Cloyse knows her old friends?† watched the explorer, defying her, and inclining toward his squirming stick. (616). This conversation be... Free Essays on Young Goodman Brown Response to â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is a charming story that has been investigated and bantered for quite a long time. I altogether delighted in perusing this story and took in a lot from it. I accept that this story is perhaps the best story at any point composed. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is about a man who tests his confidence and takes an excursion with the fallen angel in a dull timberland. The story happens in Salem, Massachusetts during the Salem witch preliminaries. Goodman Brown had an inside clash among great and underhandedness. Despite the fact that his significant other, Faith, made an effort not to go, he felt that he expected to go on this outing night. The fallen angel continued convincing him to walk further and more profound into the timberland. The more profound he strolled the closer he was to detestable. The demon demonstrated Brown what number of the others he knew had just been on this outing including Faith, his dad, his granddad, the town elder, and his old drill instructor. Goodman Brown could hardly imagine how these individuals he knew as great Christians could ever do such an awful thing. He didn't understand that he was similarly as awful by doing likewise when he met the fallen angel. At the point when he got back he shut himself off from the world, since he considered it to be ! totally detestable. I enjoyed this story since it works superbly of depicting the topic of good and malice. Youthful Goodman Brown neglected to understand that no one is immaculate in light of the fact that everybody sins. As indicated by Angie Soler, â€Å"Hawthorne planned for the peruser to get mindful of the degeneracy joined by wrongdoing. He planned for the peruser to see the truth of transgression and the fear of the human hellfire that was uncovered to Brown.† Brown judged and denounced others for wrongdoing without seeing his own wickedness. I realize that I now and then glance at others and judge them. Hawthorne inventively gave me this isn't the correct activity. By dismissing the entirety of society and disconnecting him... Free Essays on Young Goodman Brown Youthful Goodman Brown †From Naivety to Maturity Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown is story showing the ethical standard of good versus detestable. Hawthorne utilizes imagery and incongruity to transfer his sentiments towards man’s characteristic craving for fiendish and the fight to maintain a strategic distance from it in ones own heart. Following these scholarly components takes the peruser through a fantasy moral story loaded up with strict bad faith. Finding and inspecting the two most noticeable images all through the story permits the peruser to encounter how the endeavored change of Young Goodman Brown outcomes in a change from naivety to development. The principal utilization of imagery comes as the names of Young Goodman Brown and his better half, Faith. Youthful in the name truly implies that the principle character is a youngster. Hawthorne literarily pronounces this when he writes’ â€Å"†¦young Goodman Brown†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (pg104). Goodman in the name represents that he is an otherworldly and great individual. With Brown being such a typical last name, it represents that Goodman could be anybody or everybody. The name Faith has a double emblematic significance. It actually implies strict confidence and furthermore speaks to Goodman Brown’s individual confidence and strict feelings. This is evident when Brown states, â€Å"My love and my Faith of the considerable number of evenings in this year, this one night must I falter from thee†(pg104). Here, Goodman Brown is alluding to leaving his significant other and his confidence in God. At first, Faith additionally speaks to youth as distinguished when Go odman Brown, â€Å"†¦put his head back, subsequent to intersection the edge, to trade a splitting kiss with his young wife†(pg104). In spite of the fact that not comprehended until last mentioned, it is this

[GUEST POST] CPWgCPWaCPWyCPW

[GUEST POST] CPWgCPWaCPWyCPW I hope you have a GAY CPW!!! Thanks Yuliya for hosting this blog!  I’m not out off-campus, so I have to post this anonymously MIT is hella gay, and lots of cool gay events are happening during CPW! If you want to learn how to be [emailprotected] or want to meet some Super Dope gays on campus, consider coming to these events!!!! But first I want to give you the scoop about how gay things are organized on campus. There are four main clubs: [emailprotected] (Gays at MT) This is the first and oldest lgbtq+ club on campus! I’m like half involved (um yeahthat’s the most apt way to put it haha), and we do a bunch of cool big events throughout the year like a Intercollegiate Valentines Day Ball and a Coming Out Ball to celebrate coming out day! Queer West Queer West is my FAMMMMM! I am fully (maybe even more than fully?!) involved and absolutely love it! I have made some of my closest friends through this club! Queer West started about 5 years ago in response to the general cultural divide between East and West Campus. This is honestly something that really deserves it’s own (or even multiple posts), but a shortened (and not at all nuanced) way of putting it is that East Campus is more gay than West Campus. So Queer West came about to Make West Campus Gay Again (this is our unofficial official motto). Affiliated This is a club that is for LGBTQ+ folk in fraternities and Sororities! They host super cool events, but I’m not involved because I’m not affiliated in any frat or sorority. Parrot Fish This recently became a club, and I have also not been involved yet, but really want to be! They are the gender fluidity club on campus! Fun Fact: The exec people of all these four clubs have a GAY â„¢ group chat where we are slowly* planning to enforce our gay agenda on all of campus. (*jk were working real quick) Fun Fact 2: We all have our tables near each other in the Gay corner of Activities Midway. Come join our gay cults! We will throw* rainbow candy and gay pins at you! (*jk thats a safety hazard) Anywaysssss…. Onto the EVENTS!!!* *these are not all of them, but the ones I am involved in/plan on attending Queer West and Simmons Join Queer West and Simmons residents for an informal meet and greet! Snacks will be provided and we will also be screening a couple episodes of One Day at a Time!! This is Queer West’s default event playing gay content on a screen, serving snacks, and then chill convo after. We’re excited to be collabing with Simmons for this! Queer Life @MIT Panel Come listen to queer MIT students talk about their experiences! Ask questions about coming out to family, being out on campus, resources, queer groups at MIT, and more. This is an awesome to way to get the TEA from current students. Rainbow Lounge Open House Join us in the newly renovated Rainbow Lounge for yummy food, a Queer Treasure Chest, music, dancing, and lots of great people…what a great way to spend a Friday afternoon! Please join us to celebrate and welcome new MIT pre-frosh into the LBGTQ community and their allies at MIT. The Rainbow Lounge is a beautiful and amazing and welcoming place! Please go to this! Coming Out Camping Come out camping* with the members of Queer West to roast marshmallows, eat smores, and share your favorite coming out stories (if you want)! Everyone is welcome! *Disclaimer: Not real camping. Real smores, though. Queer west hosts one of these every CPW and Freshman Orientation! This is THE FIRST gay event I went to ever, actually during orientation (because I wasn’t out during my cpw). So this event holds a VERY special place in my heart. Family Dinner Please join us to welcome pre-frosh into the LBGTQ and LBGTQ-friendly community at MIT! A found-family dinner with [emailprotected]! FOOD!!! Also gayyyyyy! Knit Your Own Pride Gear Come make rainbow scarves, wristbands, arm warmers, and amorphous blobs of yarn with [emailprotected]! No yarn, needles, or knitting knowledge required. Everyone is welcome! I will be helping teach people how to knit at this event!! So even if you’re a beginner, stop by!!! Queer Ladies Movie Night We’re all queer here! Come join the ladies of Loop to watch cheesy queer movies (happy ending guaranteed) and decorate pride flag cookies. People of all genders and sexualities welcome. This will be wholesome and amazing and I hope they play D.E.B.S.! There is another gay event, but its a secret….shhhhh don’t tell anyone I hope you have a GAY CPW!!! Post Tagged #[emailprotected] #LGBTQ+ #Queer Ladies #Queer West #Rainbow Lounge

Nike Inc. Case Study - 2161 Words

Nike, Inc. : Case Study in Operations Management MGT 441 Prepared for: Dr. Davidson, Concord University Prepared by: Jeremiah Nelson Johnathan Coleman Emily O’Dell December 4th, 2012 Introduction Low-cost, time-efficient manufacturing of goods is a key feature of a successful production company in today’s competitive global economy. Operations management, often abbreviated in the business world as OM, is defined as â€Å"...the set of activities that creates value in the form of goods and services by transforming inputs into outputs (Heizer and Render, p. 4).† Every day, factories take in raw materials and use the labor hours and skills of their employees to transform those same materials into a variety of consumer products,†¦show more content†¦Nike’s management understands how important a relevant strategy is in the global environment, as Don Blair, Nike’s CFO, stated â€Å"...we are refocusing our efforts, increasing our investments in innovation, using our voice for stronger advocacy and looking at how we incubate new, scalable business models that enable us to thrive in a sustainable economy.† Forecasting Demand Forecasting demand is the art and science of predicting future demand. There are several different techniques that can be employed alone or in combination with each other, depending upon the firm’s particular situation and the point in the product’s life cycle, and they are further classified as to the time horizon they represent. Forecasts are generally quantitative (relying on historical data) or qualitative (such as variable personal experiences).Show MoreRelatedCase Study Analysis: Nike, Inc.3361 Words   |  14 PagesANTONIO, PAUL ERIC G. 03 JUNE 2012 BUSINESS POLICY Case Study Analysis: Nike, Inc. Executive Summary Nike, Inc. has had three years of shifts of revenue and profit increases. During the case years studied (1999-2001), the net income in 2001 for Nike, Inc. (589.7M) increased by only 1.8% over 2000. Increases from 1999-2000 were much more significant 28.3% (579.1M). For the year 2001, revenues at Nike increased by 5.5% over 2000 to 9.489B. Since 1997, the company’s success includeRead MoreCase Study - Nike Sweatshops Inc. Essay1486 Words   |  6 PagesManagement | Case Study Analysis: Nike, Inc. and Sweatshops | | | | | Ethics refer to what is defined as right or wrong in the morality of human beings and social issues are matters which could directly or indirectly affect a person or many members of a society. In this case study, Nike has been accused of subjecting employees in their subcontracted factories overseas to work in inhumane conditions for low wages. The CEO and cofounder of Nike lamented that â€Å"The Nike product has becomeRead MoreCase Study –Nike, Inc.: Cost of Capital Essay718 Words   |  3 PagesCase Study –Nike, Inc.: Cost of Capital FIN202a-Spring 2011 1. Please define Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC). Write down the WACC formula, and discuss its components. WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital) is a market weighted average, at target leverage, of the cost of after tax debt and equity. It is a critical input for evaluating investment decision, and typically the discount rate for NPV calculation. And it serves as the benchmark for operating performance, relative toRead MoreNike Inc Cost of Capital Case Study917 Words   |  4 PagesNike Inc. Case Number 2 Nike Incorporated’s cost of capital is a vital element when addressing opportunities regarding top-line growth and operating performance. Weighted Average Costs of Capital (WACC) is an essential estimation that is needed in order to determine the amount of interest that will be paid for each additional dollar financed. This translates to be the minimum overall required rate of return that the firm will keep. We disagree with Johanna Cohen’s assessment of Nike due to twoRead MoreNike, Inc. Strategic Case Study Essay example6087 Words   |  25 PagesForces and Government model analysis 8 2.1.3 Turbulence Model 9 2.2 Internal Analysis 9 3. Strategic directions and strategic objectives 10 3.1 Mission 10 3.2 Strategic objective 11 3.2.1 The financial objective of Nike 11 3.2.2 The non-financial objective of Nike 11 4. Key broad business-level and international strategies 12 4.1 Ansoff’s product and market business level strategies 12 4.2 Miles and Snow’s adaptive strategies 13 4.3 Porter’s competitive business level strategiesRead MorePsychology of Business - Nike She Runs1414 Words   |  6 Pagesrelevant case/problem, account for and discuss how a psychological perspective can qualify those.† Hand in date: 8th May 2014 Julie Ingemann Jensen 3 Pages Copenhagen Business School 2014 Nike currently stands as a dominant leader in the global athletic retail industry. Particularly amongst females Nike is seen as a popular choice for apparel yet has had trouble solidifying itself as a top choice for footwear, with competitor ASICS seen as the preferred running shoe choice. Nike recognisedRead MoreNike : Sustainability And Labour Practises1217 Words   |  5 Pagessurroundings more sustainable in nature. So now in this report which is based on the case study of â€Å"Nike: sustainability and labour practises†. This case illustrates that Nike was found guilty regarding the labour practises the company was following which the reason for the external criticism Nike had to face around the world during 1990 and 2000. The main purpose of this report is to study the sustainable initiatives Nike had to take to tackle these issues and further how much those steps are similarRead MoreNike: a Multinational Company in China Essay901 Words   |  4 PagesNike: A Multinat ional Company in China Nike is one of the largest athletic shoe brands in the world and sells millions of shoes and clothing each year. The company was founded on January 25, 1964 by a University of Oregon track athlete Philip Knight and his coach Bill Bowermanas. It was first named Blue Ribbon Sports and it officially became Nike, Inc. on May 30, 1978 (Nike). As a multinational company, it operates retail stores domestically and overseas and all of the products it sells are manufacturedRead MoreNike Business Case Study1380 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In the business culture, it is crucial for a business to behave ethically. Ethics can be defined as, â€Å"the study of how people ought to act† (Lecture 1, 2017). Businesses do not behave ethically because they think their profits will increase, even though unethical behaviors can be costly to a company. When a business acts ethically correct, society benefits from the encourage economic competition, people feel better about working for that company, and it s the right thing to do whichRead MoreShoe Line Named Violette By Terry Richardson1628 Words   |  7 PagesTimberlake (Monae 2015). She was also featured in Nylon Magazine as part of their lineup of It Girls. In this same year Vashtie interviewed Sean Diddy Combs for Supreme Magazine, which was photographed by Terry Richardson, and was included in the Nike Destroyer Campaign alongside notables like Dee Ricky, a twin fashion icon duo, and Scott Campbell a New York-based American artist and tattoo artist whose clients in clude Sting, Robert Downey, Jr., Courtney Love, Orlando Bloom, Josh Hartnett, and

Emerging Trends Within Professional Nursing Essay

Emerging Trends In Professional Nursing There have been several shifts in healthcare models throughout time and even more within the nursing profession. Each shift can be marked by the understanding of clinicians at the time as it relates to an idea of what it means to be human. Dr. Larry Dossey published his version of the progression of the healthcare models since the nineteenth century broken into three eras (Koerner, 2011). Professional Presence Era I identified in the 1860s incorporated science into the practice of medicine. Dossey describes Era I as â€Å"mechanical medicine† identifying that at the time health and illness were physical in nature, therefore cures and treatment should also be physical in nature (Dr. Larry Dossey s Official Website, 2016). Within the Era I model any idea of consciousness or thought was considered a separate issue as a function of the brain (Dr. Larry Dossey s Official Website, 2016). Era II ushered to light a â€Å"psychosomatic† component as physicians discovered evidence how emotions and thoughts can impact the function of the body (dosseydoseey.com). Era II emerged in the 1950s post World War II and included therapy that incorporated mind and consciousness (Koerner, 2011). In addition, the onset of Era II incorporated such healing models like hypnosis and guided imagery to treat and support the mind as a function of healing. Currently, Era III is the most recent model which reflects its foundation in quantum physics paradigm (Koerner,Show MoreRelatedClinical Leadership : Nursing From My Practice1384 Words   |  6 PagesClinical leadership in nursing from my Practice Kathryn Moultrie NU 414: Interprofessional Teams Week 11 Professor Rachelle Mack Saint Joseph’s College Maine December 31, 2016 â€Æ' Clinical leadership in Nursing from my Practice The Clinical Leadership is an emerging nursing role among the interprofessional group of Registered Nurses. 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I have earned an extensive amount of experience in several different fields of nursing such as, emergency medicine, intensive care, pediatrics, woman’s health, and mental health.Read MoreEconomic Tool and Concepts1121 Words   |  5 Pagesthe health care industry the shortage of nursing supply than the demand across the country. The demand for nurses in every health care organization growth in a daily basic as the technology advance. The consumers are always demanding for more personalize and quality of health care services at the time they are seeking for h ealth care delivery creating nurses supply to be less in every health organization. A few probable reasons for nursing shortage within the health care industry can be the numberRead MoreEvaluation Of A Nursing Theory1298 Words   |  6 PagesNursing has made a tremendous push towards being a profession during the past century. Many in the health care academia not only see nursing as an academic discipline, but also an equal colleague. 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Ap Chemistry Free Response Answers Free Essays

1. (a) I, III, and IV are correct. II is not correct. We will write a custom essay sample on Ap Chemistry Free Response Answers or any similar topic only for you Order Now To explain III, de Broglie’s equation states l = h/(mv), so nl = nh/(mv) = 2pi(r). Where: l = wavelength, v = velocity of electron, n = some positive integer, r = distance of electron from center, m = mass of electron. Solve, get mvr = L = nh/2pi. (b) The current wave mechanical model for the atom states that there are an integer number of wavelengths in every standing  integer number (n). 2. (a) The first shell electrons in Lithium are the closest electrons to the nucleus. In addition, there are proportionally more protons to electrons. This pulls the electrons even closer to the nucleus. And in Potassium, the outer shell electrons are a substantial distance from the nucleus. There are a greater number of protons than electrons; however, the large number of electrons dissipates the effect. This is in addition to Lithium being a much smaller neutral atom than Potassium because of the difference in the outer shells. (b) The outer shell for Cl is the same as Cl-; however, Cl-  has more electrons being  attracted by the same number of protons. This weakens the attraction per electron. Since the attraction is weaker, the electrons are farther from the nucleus. Since the attraction is stronger for Cl, the electrons are closer to the nucleus. (c) Although the normal trend is for the ionization energy to increase going to the right in a period, aluminum has a lowered ionization energy and magnesium has a raised ionization energy due to the electron configurations of these two ionizations. This reverses the order of ionization energies. (d) The ionization energy increases each time an electron is removed because there are fewer electrons attracted by the same number of protons while magnesium starts off at a relatively  high value because it begins in one of the preferred forms. The second ionization energy is lowered because losing an electron forms a preferred form and because of this, this is a smaller than normal increase in ionization energy between the first and second ionization energies. The third ionization energy is increased the most because it starts in the most standard form. When you combine this with a lower than normal second ionization energy, you get a very large increase in ionization energy. 3. (a) As you go to the right of the period, there are more protons in the nucleus. The greater attraction makes it more difficult to remove electrons and first ionization energy is the energy necessary to remove an electron from a neutral atom. (b) Although the general trend is to have Boron with a higher first ionization energy than Berylium, Boron’s ionization potential is lowered and Berylium’s ionization potential is raised, the order is reversed. (c) O loses one electron and makes it easier to remove the electron and lowers the ionization potential. For nitrogen, it more difficult to remove the electron and raises the ionization potential. And since Oxygen’s ionization potential is lowered and Nitrogen’s ionization potential is raised, the order is reversed. (d) Na has a lower first ionization energy than Li and also a lower ionization energy than Ne. Ne has the second highest first ionization energy of all the elements. â€Å"1s2†Ã‚  is the most preferred electron configuration. â€Å"s2  p6†Ã‚  of other shells are also highly preferred. Ne has the second highest first ionization potential because it’s â€Å"2s22p6†. 4. (a) The type of decay expected for Carbon-11 would be positron emission. 116C -; 115B + 01e (b) The type of decay expected for Carbon-14 would be Beta Decay as well. 46C -; 147N + 0-1? (c) Gamma rays have no mass or charge, so they need not be shown in nuclear equations. (d) Measure the amount of Carbon-14 in the dead wood and compare with the amount of Carbon-14 in a similar living object. 5. (a) 23494Pu -; 23092U + 42? (b) The missing mass has been converte d into energy (E  =  mc2). (c) A line should be drawn curving downward from the path of the dotted line. This will represent the path of the alpha particles which are repelled by the positive plate and attracted by the negative one. A second line should be drawn upward from the path of the dotted line. This will represent the path of the beta particles which are repelled by the negative plate and attracted by the positive one. The line should curve more than the one for the alpha particles. A third line should be drawn as a continuation of the dotted line. This will represent the gamma rays. (d) Incineration is a chemical process. The only thing any chemical process can do is connect radioactive atoms to other atoms, which has no effect on the radioactivity. 6. (a) As you go down the column in the alkali metals, the outer shell electrons are farther from the nucleus. The attraction for the outer shell electrons is decreased and because the attraction is decreased, therefore the melting point decreases. (b) Intermolecular forces determine boiling and melting points. Halogens are all diatomic, which means they bond with themselves. In these diatomic compounds, the only intermolecular force is  London forces. The larger molecules can form temporary dipoles easier than small molecules. The larger molecules as you go down the column have a greater attractive force. This increases the melting point as you go down the column. 7. a) As radius increases the heat of reaction decreases. Which means less energy released by ionic attraction. (b) As ionization energy increases the heat of reaction decreases, which means more energy is required to form M2+ while other factors remain unchanged 8. Metals are good conductors of heat, generally malleable, and react by losing electrons to form cations. They tend to have â€Å"s1†,   â€Å"s2†,   â€Å"s2p1†, or   â€Å"s2p2†Ã‚  as their outer shell. Most metals have just â€Å"s1†Ã‚  or  Ã¢â‚¬Å"s2†. Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat, brittle, and gain electrons when reacting with metals to form anions. Nonmetals have either 3, 4, 5, or 6 electrons in the p subshell in addition to s2  of the same shell number. When the last subshell is a d, the outer shell is s2  of the next shell. Occasionally there will be only 1 electron in the s subshell and this explains when the transition elements are metals. When the last subshell is a â€Å"f†, the outer shell is s2  of the second higher shell and this explains when the lanthanides and actinides are metals. This proves how more than half of the periodic table are metals. 9. (a) â€Å"you have not learned this one yet† (b) â€Å"F2†Ã‚  has the highest  electronegativity  and  electron affinity. Thus it has the greatest attraction for extra electrons. F2   +   2e -;  2F  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 1   This makes the reaction more likely to occur. â€Å"I2†Ã‚  has the lowest electronegativity and electron affinity. Thus it has less attraction for extra electrons making the reaction  Ã‚   I2   +   2e -;   2I  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 1   less likely to occur. Because it can disperse the charge better, the reaction does occur. (c) The trend for alkali metals shows a very small variation in reducing strength without a real trend. Cesium has the lowest ionization potential and Lithium has the highest ionization potential. However, there is not a great difference in the alkali metals. How to cite Ap Chemistry Free Response Answers, Essay examples

Triple Bottom Lines and Sustainable Construction

Question: Discuss about the Triple Bottom Lines and Sustainable Construction. Answer: Introduction The sustainability of the key measures in the construction industry is approved to go beyond the financial aspects and therefore able to include the social and environmental factors. In the design of the key factors which need to be addressed to achieve the required results, the companys goals are the primary tool which is able to lead to the kind of factors which need to be looked at. At the construction industry, the companies are challenged to address different challenges and issues which are able to fall on the three categories of the TBL (In Bals In Tate, 2016). The proper address to these issues is able to lead to the sustainability of the companies and ensuring that the companies achieve their ultimate business goals. Moreover, the TBL in most cases are as well affected by the existing rules a challenge which many companies find as they align their business world with the legal requirement (Laszlo, 2010). The design of the companys goals is required to comply with the legal r equirements and this helps to generate a better sustainability. In addition, the TBL issues are able to ensure that the different goals, which are designed to achieve the developments, are adhered to at any given moment (Montoya, 2010). In addition, the TBL are seen to be key elements in the operation of the companies to ensure that they are able to achieve their development agendas. In addition, the results of the companys operations are usually able to define the compliance with the TBL and Global Reporting Initiatives (In Leal, 2015). The sustainable developments are able to enhance the compliance with the legal requirements. In addition, the sustainable developments are able to enhance the lives of the different people who are directly connected with the company or even in directly connected with the company operations. The sustainability aspect is able to enhance the company to meet its daily need and unable to disrupt the future generations and their needs as well (Montoya, 20 10). Moreover, the achievement of the accountability and transparency is achieved through the use of TBL and GRI initiatives. Discussion of reporting issues In construction industry, the use of technology is a key measure, which is able to enhance the use of the TBL and GRI in order to achieve the required business goals. Greenworld Construction Company is a construction company which engages of real estates and road network construction. The company has its capital in London UK and is able to enhance and coordinate its whole operation from the capital. The company is able to engage on the use of the different construction materials to enhance its operations. The company is able to look at the enhancement of the environment conservations, financial sustainability and the social aspects (In Bals In Tate, 2016). The company looks at the both benefits on its own operation to itself and to the other parties. The major parties include the shareholders, stakeholder and the world surrounding its operations. TBL and GRI reporting parameters and exercise: Policy investment One of the section in the TBL, which Greenworld looks to address to ensure they address properly, is the policy investment. The major areas, which the company looks, are to ensure that the external factors are well addressed to ensure that the company achieved the different profitable goals. The company is able to report on all the policies which are directed to ensure the proper investments are met within its lines of operation. The analysis of the policy of any area of investment is usually looked at any proper analysis is usually done to attain the profitability. In the address of the issue, the company looks at the protection of the environment to ensure that the company is able to abide by the relevant rules in their investment and the environmental policies. The company looks in addition to ensure that the projects which they works on are able to address the social aspects of the residents in the areas which they are working. This is enhanced through proper analysis of the bene fits which the residents will be able to achieve through the project (In Bals In Tate, 2016). The advantages of the project are listed and are reported to ensure that the company is able to attain its goals through CSR. The reporting mechanism of the questionnaires is usually used as part of the analysis of the policy investment advantages to the residents in different areas. In addition, the analysis on the policy investment is able to ensure that the company is able to achieve its financial aspects and profitability. Completeness principle Secondly, another issue, which has to be addressed in the company in connection with the TBL and GRI, is the completeness principle of the commenced projects. In relation to this idea, the company has to ensure that the company is able to deliver on the projects, which they have identified to carry out (Chaltegger, Bennett Burritt, 2006). This helps to analyses the benefits on the environment are achieved. On the completion of the project, the company ensures that it has to carry out the environmental impact and therefore look to address it and ensure that correct measures to ensure the conservation is maintained. Moreover, the completeness principle is able to ensure that the social advantage to the residents is achieved. Greenworld company is able to look and analyze the advantages which the company offers to the residents when the complete implementation of the project is achieved. In addition, the company has to ensure that the completeness of the projects is usually achieved. T his ensures that the financial aspect of the company is achieved (Shah, 2014). The company is able to enhance the analysis of ensuring that the project meets the different aspects and ensures that the complete projects are paid by the clients and ensure the achievement of the financial aspects of the company. The economic benefit is the major advantage which the company gains through the completeness of the projects. In addition, the company always carries out a proper analysis on the completeness mechanism which the company has to use to ensure that they achieve the financial benefit from the projects. Quality of materials and work In addition, the quality of the materials is another key factor in the TBL and GRI which need to be addressed. The analysis of the quality of the materials at the site is able to ensure that the different aspects of the GRI and TBL such as the social aspects, environmental aspects and economical aspects are achieved. In the address of the issue, Greenworld Company is able to ensure that the materials are able to meet the proper quality which enhances the quality of the property which the company is carrying out. The proper quality is able to maintain the environmental effectiveness and therefore able to preserve the environment. Moreover, the quality of the materials is able that the company gains the value of the money on the project implementation (Chaltegger, Bennett Burritt, 2006). In addition, this aspect ensures that the company is able to carry out quality projects and therefore enhancing its sustainability through the gaining of the trust of the clients. In addition, the add ress of the material quality is able to ensure that the company uses materials which are environmentally friendly and therefore enhance its utilization. The material quality is able to enhance the implementation of the aspects of the TBL and GRI. This ensures that the company is able to achieve the sustainability in the construction industry. Management involvement and control Moreover, another key issue, which the Greenworld Company needs to address to achieve the desired deliverables, is the management involvement through proper governance and commitments. The management approach and involvements in the company is able to make the key decision on all aspects. Their involvement is able to make the proper decisions which will enhance the achievement of the key aspects and goals of the company. First, the management involvement is able to look at the economical nature of the projects which the company is undertaking. This ensures that the reporting of the profitability of the company is done in a good way and the achievement of the financial aspects of the company is achieved. In addition, the management must ensure that the environmental and social factors from the projects are well addressed. The addressing must ensure that the environmental benefits and social advantages are achieved in the different aspects of the company operations (Yates, 2003). The a nalysis of the social aspects by the management ensures that CSR activities are well funded and the management reports are well addressed to achieve the economical and brand name for the company (Laszlo, 2011). The brand name, which is achieved through the CSR activities, is able to enhance the company operations and therefore lead to financial advantage to the company. In terms of the social benefits, the management is able to enhance the social benefits to the residents through the CSR activities. The management involvement is therefore able to enhance the sustainability of the company activities within the operational areas. Data management Another key reporting parameter, which Greenworld has to address, is the data management. The data is a key element, which the company has to coordinate to ensure that they receive the proper information on what they are doing and need to do in order to achieve the relevant targets. The data management is able to ensure that the company keeps up with the relevant trends in developments and technologies (Laszlo, 2013). Moreover, the key data has to ensure that the environmental changes are addressed and that the key measures are taken in each project to conserve the environment. In addition, the data management has to ensure that the key social issues are well looked at and then addressed (Bergman, 2012). The social aspects of the data management have to ensure that the proper management of the social factors is addressed. The CSR projects have to be identified through the data management issues and therefore their impact be analyzed well. Lastly, the data management has to achieve th e economic benefits of the different projects (Pipelines (Conference) et al., 2015). The key element in data management must ensure that the projects are able to achieve the economic benefits for the organization. The data management has top address the social, economic and financial sustainability for the Greenworld and ensures that the company achieves its own goals. Management policies and responsibilities Lastly, the policies and responsibilities management and analysis is another key are which Greenworld need to address to achieve the sustainability goals. The different management personnel have different key roles which they have to undertake. The analysis and allocation of duties and responsibilities must be addressed to ensure that the repetition of duties allocation does not happen (Yates, 2003). The policies must be developed in a good manner to ensure that the companys goals are achieved. In addition, the policies are able to define the commitment of the Greenworld Company concerning its achievement of the social, environmental and financial aspects at different level (Bergman, 2012). The responsibilities of the different personnel are able to define the way the company will accomplish the different aspects of the companys goals. Moreover, the different responsibilities allocation ensures that the economic aspects of the company will be achieved. The goals and responsibilities are able to defined the activities completion timely. Moreover, the responsibilities and policies are designed to ensure the achievement of the energy conservation and resources conservation which enhances environmental conservation. Challenges and issues in reporting sustainability One of the major key issue in the reporting of sustainability is the data management in the organization. Proper management resources, which are able to maintain the different issues in data entering each day, are required. Attaining the proper system, which is able to attain the resources and data entry and exit, is a challenge. The proper system requirement is a challenge due to the cost parameters and these results to be a challenge for the company to attain these sustainability goals (Yates, 2003). In addition, due to the biodiversity of the data, the management of the different issues coming into the company becomes a challenge. In every aspect, the concentration of the data to come up with a key deliverable is usually a challenge. In addition, the different ideas and time for concentrating the information is another key issue and challenge in Greenworld. The different personnel have different views on achieving the sustainability, and therefore it takes time to come up with one deliverable (Pipelines (Conference) et al., 2015). This is able to increase the time for the achievement of the sustainable development within the organization. The changes of the ideas and technology with time are able to lead to the change of the sustainability strategies. This is able to affect the sustainable operation for the company and therefore affect the activities of the company in different ways. In addition, the social aspects are able to change and keeping every social aspect addressed and all the residents in a location satisfied is not easy. This offers a key challenge for the when carrying out the projects and the company is prone to face oppositions. For instance, in the address of the proper employment strategies, many people may feel that they are left out regardless to the number employed from the society (Bergman, 2012). The social forces are therefore able to affect the operation of the company and attaining of the relevant goals for proper sustainability. This is able to affect the company in financial aspect. In addition, the sustainability through the TBL and GRI is expensive and the company is able to experience the financial pinch when addressing the different issues. Therefore, the financial aspect to make sure the company attains the TBL and GRI aspects is a burden of the company (International Conference on Sustainable Infrastruture et al., 2014). In different occasion, the company derives zero financial benefits on the address of these aspects. Conclusion In conclusion, the financial, social and environmental aspects are key in the address of the GRI and TBL aspects for any company in the construction company. The enhancement and achievement of these factors is able to lead to sustainability of the company. Different issues are able to arise and the initiatives have to be taken to address these issues in the TBL aspects. The brand name and proper organizational work elements are achieved when these issues are addressed. References Bergman, D. (2012). Sustainable design: A critical guide. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Chaltegger, S., Bennett, M., Burritt, R. (2006). Sustainability accounting and reporting. Dordrecht: Springer. In Bals, L., In Tate, W. (2016). Implementing triple bottom line sustainability into global supply chains. In Leal, F. W. (2015). Transformative approaches to sustainable development at universities: Working across disciplines. International Conference on Sustainable Infrastruture, In Crittenden, J. C., In Hendrickson, C. T., In Wallace, W. A., American Society of Civil Engineers., American Society of Civil Engineers,. (2014). ICSI 2014: Creating infrastructure for a sustainable world : proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure, November 6-8, 2014, Long Beach, California. Laszlo, C. (2010). Encyclopedia of sustainability: Volume 2. Great Barrington, Mass: Berkshire. Laszlo, C. (2011). The business of sustainability. Great Barrington, Mass: Berkshire Pub. Group. Laszlo, C. (2013). Business strategies and management for sustainability. Montoya, M. (2010). Green building fundamentals: A practical guide to understanding and applying fundamental sustainable construction practices and the LEED green building rating system. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall. Pipelines (Conference), In Sever, V. F., In Osborne, L., American Society of Civil Engineers., American Society of Civil Engineers,. (2015). Pipelines 2015: Recent advances in underground pipeline engineering and construction : proceedings of the Pipelines 2015 Conference, August 23-26, 2015, Baltimore, Maryland. SHAH, S. H. A. S. H. A. N. K. (2014). Soulful corporations: A values-based perspective on corporate social responsibility. Heidelberg: Springer. Yates, A. (2003). Sustainable buildings: Benefits for investors and developers. Garston, Watford, England: Building Research Establishment. Yates, A. (2003). Sustainable buildings: Benefits for occupiers. Garston, Watford, England: Building Research Establishment. Triple Bottom Lines and Sustainable Construction Question: Discuss about the Triple Bottom Lines and Sustainable Construction. Answer: Introduction Triple Bottom Line (TBL) was postulated by John Elkington back in 1997 to improve on the performance and sustainability of the organization so as to realize its objectives and goals. The dimensions of TBL are three namely, social, environment and economic sustainability. It is important to underscore that the focal point of TBL is to assess social, environment and economic which is very crucial for an organization (Leppelt, 2014). TBL is a consultant firm that is based in UK and does consultative services to DuPont and World Bank. It therefore provides report on Corporate performance. It is incumbent to note that TBL provides the basis for the firm to assess their performance. Notably, it explicitly demonstrates integrity and transparency in an organization. This implies that it heightens investments and confidence in business which ultimately increases on profitability of the organization. In nutshell, it operates on three basic principle which work in tandem with each other. Significance in Sustainable Developments As enumerated above, TBL operates under three basic principles of sustainability namely, economic, social and environment. Due to its centrality of the aforementioned principle, it puts the firm at better position to assess its performance in a very competitive market. The key stakeholders of the organization are customers, employees and community around where such firm has been established. Environment Environment as a principle of sustainability implies the sphere in which the employees operate. It should be noted that when the environment is friendly, employees tend to provide their services diligently (Abereijo, 2016). In broad spectrum, environment encompasses treatment that employees receive in the course of their duty. Ideally, the management determines the type of management. If the manager is willing to listen to their employees, the workability would be smooth. To enhance sustainability and better the performance in an organization, it is incumbent of all the mangers to provide warm environment by ensuring that they bond their relationship with their workforce. According to John Elkington, environment measures the natural resources in a given area. A firm can be able to determine its performance by assessing some factors such as the rate of pollution caused by the firm. It is in this view that the firm ought to devise appropriate measures to see how to curb the issue of po llution of the environment. It is important to note that environment is very important for sustainability of the organization and the nation. This framework provides that the organization ought to develop appropriate measures to counter challenges of emission of hazardous gases which poses great threat to the lives of people and animals around. Another factor that is of paramount importance in an organization is the rate at which the said firm consumes electricity. The consumption of electricity in a firm matters a lot. The company may be able to calculate its output by knowing clearly their input through the consumption of electricity. This puts it at better position to determine if they are carrying out a profitable business or they are realizing great loss on the market for corrective measures to be devised. It has been observed that some of the firm do not have proper way of disposing their garbage. To achieve efficacy in sustainability, some regulations and policies in garbage disposal have been set to see to it that the firm adheres to the set regulations in the view of protecting the environment from destruction and reducing the effect caused by harmful substances. For instance, some companies such as Nike and Telesco reexamined its performance in Bangladesh and Mexico. This came as result of some notable issues that were brought forward, such as the issue of malpractices in the company, safety of employees and excessive use of hydrocarbon by the firm. Both Nike and Telesco did some investigations to ascertain the case brought before them. It was indeed established that the safety of employees was not given priority and as such made most of them vulnerable to some hazardous risks that would cause their lives. Social The community around which the firm has been established has to benefit from the firm in different ways. The notable ways is that the community has to be considered in the labor force and this would increase the bondage between the community and the firm. As such, the organization would have solved the issue of unemployment amongst the said community which would put the firm at a better position to perform their work with minimal problem or pressure from community. It is common knowledge that when the firm operate where there is high rate of unemployment, the company is at risk since insecurity may be high due to high unemployment rate amongst the community members( Glavas Mish, 2015). By employing the youth, all this factors are watered down and allows for better functionality of the system which is geared towards sustainability of the firm. The issue of gender parity has been on the bottom line for very long period of time. A firm may asses its progress by considering the number o f feminine in the firm since it has been observed for so long that they are denied opportunities in most of the corporations. The issue of equity in gender in an organization is very important as it implies that the said organization is not discriminatory and that it allows equal opportunities for all. Most of the nations have passed some regulations to see to it that firm adheres to the issue of gender in the organization. Another notable aspect under the social dimension is the health expectancy. The firm ought to play a significant role in ensuring that the health of its workforce put into consideration. This is achieved by paying for their workforce medical cover. Economic A sustainable business is the one that has good flow of money. An organization has to calculate its expenditure and taxes well to be able to assess how it is faring on in the market. The firm may establish this by ascertaining personal income, job growth, employment distribution and cost of underemployment. The aforementioned components are very significant in determining whether the firm is economically stable or not (Kalogo Monteith, 2013). If there is equal distribution of employment, this is a clear indication that the organization is performing well. Moreover, the level of job growth in an organization is another indication of the companys success. Job growth implies that the firm is performing better and that is why it requires additional, or surplus workforce to be able to meet its objectives. Conversely, when the firm decides to lay off its workforce, it implies that it is not performing well and this may attribute to great loss realized by the said firm. Primarily, it is im portant to underscore that most nations are striving to reinstate sanity in the issue affecting people, natural resources and climate. Conceptual Sustainability According to Pope, Annandale Morrison (2016) sustainability assessment helps as a tool to achieve fully sustainable environment. Sustainability is view as a process of aiding different projects and plans to improve the lives of people.in this article the authors are trying to distinguish different foams of sustainability. They are approaching this topic in a different perspective by evaluating whether or not a project fits to be considered sustainable. They are consider TBL to be the better option while choosing which project is appropriate on specific places. Entrepreneurship Sustainability Abereijo (2016) asserts that sustainability is a global issues affect a wider population of people, it is therefore requires more focus. Entrepreneurship has now been integrated by sustainability in that it combine both social and environmental sustainability. This essay majorly encourage developing countries to promote sustainability not just the entrepreneurship but also environmental conservation. This framework can influence how students in developing counties view sustainability entrepreneurship. Integration Approach Numerous research carried out by Onat, Kucukvar, Tatari Egilmez (2016) shows that quantitative sustainability is a complex topic. This topic requires new technology to be introduced so as to take care of many unresolved issues of environmental, social and entrepreneurial factors. This research is aimed to eradicate environmental problems and built a harmonious relationship between social and environmental approaches. Investigating all the aspect involved in impacting positively on environment. It alleviate global warming and air pollution produced by vehicles using oil and electric power. Economic impact Katsaliaki Navonil (2015) define sustainability as an act which cater for present society without affecting future generations. Economic well-being, environmental improvement and social entrepreneurship are all forms of triple bottom lines TBL. Effective management leads to better sustainability results. TBL has emerge as a prioritized factor in recent years due to climate changes, demographical and destruction of natural resources. Enhancing sustainability courses in universities is considered a road path to winning this devastating battle. Capabilities and Resources This article supported by Glavas, A., Mish, J. (March 01, 2015) research shows that qualitative studying and investigating on triple bottom line (TBL) do lead maintaining a healthier environment. It fully understands how firms carry out TBL and its relationships with other stake holders. They used theological approach to equip those they employ to do the research. TBL does not only major on finished products and services but also in goes further to how they are delivered. Moreover, they make their service transparent and involve all stake holders.in doing this they create new market where other firms can benefit. They prefer have a collaborative market plan rather than competitive package. Learning Organization An analysis by Calhoun Douglas (2015) was done and Learning organizational (LOs) have proven to be an effective method used when researching sustainability. In this content studies have been done on tourism and hospitality, the outcome had positive impact on sustainability. United Kingdom Sustainability This literature was largely conducted by Jones, Comfort Hillier (2014) how reading retailer stores are incorporating sustainability on their marketing strategies. It start by looking at sustainability in top companies United Kingdom especially in Cheltenham town. Those companies are enticing customers to buy and consume their products without educating them to embrace a sustainability pattern. This leads the author to critically come up with resolutions which would be of great beneficial to all citizens. Institutions Triple Bottom line (TBL) on sustainability was coined by Leppelt (2014) in that institutions and professionals are required to be in the front line to educate the communities on its importance. Its a broader concept which needs to be dealt with in a logical manner. Its notion is that companies should not only fight to gain profit but also put to consideration the environmental effects. Responsibilities Decoding Evidence given by Bammi Singh (2014) has a clear approach on how sustainability development fulfill the present problems and hinders it to proceed to the next generation. Entrepreneurs are imposing this concept of sustainability on their businesses. Their concept have brought many people closer to the environment. The study predicts a future human friendly environment. It also examines the natural behavior after this plans have been implemented. Resource Recovery Kalogo Monteith (2013) assert that consensus on professionals should view wastages as a valuable resources. How sludge will be beneficial to produce effective energy. Technology can be an alternative for social and environmental degrading. New technology can be used to turn sludge in useful materials. This process will save huge wastage experience in many countries. It continue to cover major advantages of recycling waste into beneficial items. Technological recovery do reduce government expenditure budgeted for importing materials. Challenges Companies are heavily under pressure to disclose their sustainability report, this leads to unplanned funds to be channeled where not previously planned. Sustainability is a global issue but few counties are ready to implement the stipulated rules to govern the environment. Many industries claim to adhere to sustainability but in real sense they are the ones contributing to environmental escalation. References Abereijo, I. O. (January 01, 2016). Ensuring Environmental Sustainability through Sustainable Entrepreneurship. Bammi, R., Singh, P. (September 01, 2014). Decoding the responsible gifting model of nurturing green.Decision,41,3, 361-370. Calhoun, J., Douglas, A. (January 01, 2015). An Analysis of Hospitality and Tourism Research. Glavas, A., Mish, J. (March 01, 2015). Resources and Capabilities of Triple Bottom Line Firms: Going Over Old or Breaking New Ground?Journal of Business Ethics,127, 3, 623-642. Jones, P., Comfort, D., Hillier, D. (January 01, 2014). Sustainability and the UKs Major Food Retailers. Kalogo, Y., Monteith, H. (2013).Energy and resource recovery from sludge. London: Katsaliaki, Korina, Mustafee, Navonil. (2015).Serious games for sustainable development. Sage. Onat, N. C., Kucukvar, M., Tatari, O., Egilmez, G. (July 01, 2016). Integration of system dynamics approach toward deepening and broadening the life cycle sustainability assessment framework: a case for electric vehicles.The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,21,7, 1009-1034. Pope, J., Annandale, D., Morrison-Saunders, A. (2016).Conceptualising sustainability assessment. Routledge, UK.

Mending Wall free essay sample

Meyer uses a formalist strategy on his critical essay of Mending Wall. He states that Mending Wall is a narrative poem and is comprised of ten main points. They are a beginning, a middle an end, observation, compression of time, containment, illumination of private gestures, understatement, humor, setting, characters, and a compelling subject. These points are known as â€Å"The Reaper test† and according to Bruce Meyer, Robert Frosts’s Mending Wall passes with flying colors. The poem is based on a wall which is falling apart because of a harsh winter. This wall separates two farms from one another, one farm being an apple orchard and the other a pine field. The separation of the two farms also reflects on the characters in which they represent. Frost represents the apple orchard which if full of life and the other man represents a pine field which is uninteresting. The two men come together during the spring time to re-build the broken wall. We will write a custom essay sample on Mending Wall or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Frost attempts to make conversation with his neighbor but his neighbor is boring and uninterested in talking or playing or joking with Frost. What’s interesting about this poem is it’s a narrative that’s based on â€Å"a single time and a single place, and the actions could, plausibly, take place within the â€Å"real time† of the poem. This may appear to contradict the nature of narrative: after all, a narrative is, by definition, a sequence of connected events that form a single concept or story (Meyer 2). Frost does such an excellent job of compressing time and setting that he makes it seem like a sequence of events but it’s really just fragments of idea and â€Å"gestures† (Meyer 2) â€Å"†¦that form a single concept or story† (Meyer 2).

Free Essays on Vonnegut

Breakfast of Champions - Vonnegut’s Autobiographical Self, or Comic Schizophrenic Characters Kurt Vonnegut has been through many difficult times in his life. He has lived through times in which he was completely isolated from the rest of his society, relationships within his family, and relationships outside of his family. Vonnegut places a great deal of stress on experiences from his life that caused depression. All of these separations were brought about by forces other than ones controllable by Vonnegut. These forces were caused by death or other natural forces. (Lundquist, p. 2) The characters in Vonnegut’s books experience these same feelings of isolation. Like in Vonnegut’s own life, the isolation is not by choice. Some characters are isolated from society, while others are isolated from relationships important to them. Vonnegut also seems to share tendencies of paranoid schizophrenia with some of his characters. They often feel as though they are the only people in the world that have the capability to make their own decisions. This is a common fa ntasy of patients with paranoid schizophrenia. (Lundquist, p. 56) Is Breakfast of Champions an autobiographical mental representation of Vonnegut, or is it simply a series of schizophrenic comic characters? This is what we shall explore in this essay. At the age of fourteen, Vonnegut lost his mother to suicide. In May 1944, she poisoned herself. In Breakfast of Champions, Dwayne Hoover has a wife who commits suicide. Repeatedly, throughout the book, Vonnegut mentions Hoover’s wife who kills herself by drinking Drno. â€Å"He even forgot that his wife Celia had committed suicide, for instance, by eating Drno.† (p. 65) This suicide resembles Vonnegut’s own mother’s death by poisoning herself. He even acknowledges this fact: â€Å"And both our mothers committed suicide. Bunny’s mother ate Drno. My mother ate sleeping pills, which wasn’t nearly as horrible.ï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Vonnegut Free Essays on Vonnegut Breakfast of Champions - Vonnegut’s Autobiographical Self, or Comic Schizophrenic Characters Kurt Vonnegut has been through many difficult times in his life. He has lived through times in which he was completely isolated from the rest of his society, relationships within his family, and relationships outside of his family. Vonnegut places a great deal of stress on experiences from his life that caused depression. All of these separations were brought about by forces other than ones controllable by Vonnegut. These forces were caused by death or other natural forces. (Lundquist, p. 2) The characters in Vonnegut’s books experience these same feelings of isolation. Like in Vonnegut’s own life, the isolation is not by choice. Some characters are isolated from society, while others are isolated from relationships important to them. Vonnegut also seems to share tendencies of paranoid schizophrenia with some of his characters. They often feel as though they are the only people in the world that have the capability to make their own decisions. This is a common fa ntasy of patients with paranoid schizophrenia. (Lundquist, p. 56) Is Breakfast of Champions an autobiographical mental representation of Vonnegut, or is it simply a series of schizophrenic comic characters? This is what we shall explore in this essay. At the age of fourteen, Vonnegut lost his mother to suicide. In May 1944, she poisoned herself. In Breakfast of Champions, Dwayne Hoover has a wife who commits suicide. Repeatedly, throughout the book, Vonnegut mentions Hoover’s wife who kills herself by drinking Drno. â€Å"He even forgot that his wife Celia had committed suicide, for instance, by eating Drno.† (p. 65) This suicide resembles Vonnegut’s own mother’s death by poisoning herself. He even acknowledges this fact: â€Å"And both our mothers committed suicide. Bunny’s mother ate Drno. My mother ate sleeping pills, which wasn’t nearly as horrible.ï ¿ ½...

Security audit assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Security audit - Assignment Example safeguards protect the confidentiality of information through enacting various policy regulations that must be followed by the organizational employees. First, the disposal policy provides that the records consisting of confidential information related to patients or any other stakeholder to the health institution should be disposed off immediately and in accordance with the information security procedures outlined. The information disposal procedures provides that; once the confidential information that has been dispensed with, the user should dispose the information through shredding the papers if the record was in print, or formatting the hard disc for computerized information. Disaster recovery has also been taken care of in the health institution. All important information are backed up in the back-up disks and stored in a lock-and-key safe, accessible only to the It manager of the hospital. Risk Management process is adequately implemented by the health institution. The risk management measure that is offered by the organization is the restriction on the information that should be posted online both regarding the employees or the clients to the health institution. Thus, the information security regulations have prohibited posting online information related to the social security number, driving license number, credit or debit card number, medical status, religious or sexual orientation information related to anyone. Facility security is adequately catered for in the health institution. The staff gate has a technology system that identifies the staff through their badges, and only then will the door open to allow entry or exit. On the main gate used by the public, physical security measures include personal identification through the personal ID, which is registered at the entry. The organizational regulation provides that employees are liable for disciplinary action, if they are involved in any breach of the policies and procedure guiding the protection of

Sociology - Symbolic interaction and gay marriage Essay

Sociology - Symbolic interaction and gay marriage - Essay Example What is most significant is the fact that the society has to approve the same and not hold the gay men accountable for what they indulge within. There is a good amount of information available at hand which suggests the proper incorporation of the gay marriages within the society’s aegis. The other side of the issue suggests that the society does not quite accept such gay relationships. They believe that it is very strange to enter into such relationships because it would bring problems for the people who are spread in different areas of the world. The straight individuals feel that the gay relationships effectively mar their own linkages that they have with the people around them, and make the same look awry and skewed (Bell, 2009). This perspective has been reached upon with the passage of time as gay relationships have come on excessively in this day and age, and within different areas of the world more than anything else. The gay marriage is such an important part of the s ociety in the current times that one cannot look beyond the same. There have been immense comprehensions that have been reached upon which suggest the notion of people being against the same as well as the ones who believe it is the right of the individuals to pick and choose their own orientation.

Physiology and Pharmacology of Hypertension

Physiology and Pharmacology of Hypertension Introduction High blood pressure, or most usually termed as hypertension is one of the most common diseases that  affects the human population and approximately 1 billion individuals are afflicted by it and around 7.1 million deaths per year can be affiliated with it. (Chobanian, et al., 2003). However all these deaths are caused mostly by cardiovascular disease and another disease, death does not occur b hypertension on its own but by many of the acute linked diseases like Myocardia Infraction, strokes and renal failures. (Rodriguez-Cruz, 2009). As it is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity, it possesses important health challenge as the cost associated with treating it and reducing other risk factors associated with it a lot of active research is being done to understand the causes and the pathophysiology. Classification Normal blood pressure is considered to be 115/75 mmHg, whereas the 115 is the systolic pressure (occurs during contraction of the ventricles) and 75 is the diastolic pressure (occurs during the relaxation of ventricles). (Oparil Weber, Hypertension: A Companion to Brenner and Rectors The Kidney, 2005). An individual is treated with hypertension when their blood pressure is consistently over 140/90 mmHg, however doctors these days are becoming more cautious and start treatment when the pressure touches 130/80 mmHg . It is known that cardiovascular risk increases for every 20/11 mmHg increment. (Chobanian, et al., 2003) Hypertension can be broadly classified into two groups; primary/essential and secondary hypertension. About 90 to 95% population diagnosed with hypertension has primary type, for which the cause is not full known and seems to be more prevalent as people age; it may increase up to 75% in people aged over 75. (Rodriguez-Cruz, 2009) (Carretero Opari, 2000). Secondary hypertension is caused by an underlying medical condition which has altered the homeostatic pathway of regulating blood pressure. Secondary hypertension is more easily treatable as the underlying cause can be identified. Some commonly recognised diseases that may cause hypertension include Cushings disorder, kidney diseases and tumours. Another important cause is the genetic abnormality of the aorta. (Williams, 2010). Signs and Symptoms Moderate hypertension which starts from 140/90 is asymptomatic. Prolonged and sudden enhanced blood pressure is linked to headaches, sleepiness and visual disturbances; which in turn can cause nausea. (McPhee, Papadakis, Tierney, 2008)While it is known hypertension is more prevalent in elderly, children can be affected as well in the children the symptoms may be as more acute like epistaxis, and bell palsy. (Rodriguez-Cruz, 2009). Children usually exhibit hypertension due to some other underlying cause, and thus most cases are of secondary nature. (Rodriguez-Cruz, 2009).The signs and symptoms of secondary hypertension are dependent upon the ailment that is causing it and thus the indicators for Cushings syndrome would be different from the genetic one or drug induced one. (Williams, 2010) Pathophysiology The exact cause of the primary hypertension is not known. There are many risk factors including age, genetics, metabolic, race and â€Å"sedentary lifestyle which can cause obesity† and it has been estimated that 85%of the cases of hypertension have a higher BMI than 25. (Haslam James, 2005) Figure 1: This figure shows the key elements of the pathophysiology of hypertension and all the risk factors which increase the likelihood of contracting the ailment. Abbreviations used here: AME- apparent mineralocorticoid excess; CNS central nervous system; GRA glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism. (Oparil, Zaman, Calhoun, Pathogenesis of Hypertension, 2003) The pathophysiologic mechanism and the vascular irregularities are speculative and it is actively being researched upon. Blood pressure is the combined consequence of cardiac output and vascular resistance thus either one can independently or in combination cause hypertension. (Dreisbach Sharma, 2010). Different studies show that several factors may work independently or together to turn the neurohumoral systems on or off. In patients with a hyper-responsive system due to â€Å"changed vascular properties† an aggravated pressure flow is observed. (Randal, 1991). It has also been studied that there is a natural evolution of the disease thus man researchers suggest the one of the reason of the early elevations of the blood volume or the cardiac output may be the inadequate elimination of sodium by kidneys. Increased sodium levels can increase the osmotic pressure hence the blood volume. It chronic hypertension subjects the cardiac output and the blood volume is usually close to the normal. So it can be inferred that hypertension is maintained by the increase in vascular resistance by a decrease of elasticity of the walls as in aging or â€Å"by a reduction in lumen Diameter† (Khabunde, 2007) when the individual has been following a medically unhealthy lifestyle. These â€Å"changes in arterioles, which increase total peripheral resistance, result in an increase in diastolic and a secondary increase in systolic blood pressures† (Randal, 1991) Another factor that different studies have showed relate the decrease in sensitivity of receptors of the receptors in the vessels The decrease in receptors sensitivity modifies central nervous system (CNS) manipulation of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) distribution, resulting in two expressions. First, having an insensitive receptor requires a larger change in blood pressure to produce the same response as the receptor doesnt get activated. Secondly decreased receptors â€Å"sensitivity results in enhanced SNS activity for a given level of arterial blood pressure.† (Supiano, 2001) In hypertension there is has been shown evidence that changes in vascular endothelial function (VEF) can hamper normal vascular tone of hypertensive patients. Vascular tone can be changed by increase circulation of angiotensin II, or by the increased sympathetic activity (as discussed above). The altered sympathetic activity can lead to a decrease in production of nitric oxide which is a vasodilator or endothelin production could increase, which is a vasoconstrictor. (Khabunde, 2007). Type 2 diabetes can causes endothelial dysfunction â€Å"by enhanced oxygen free radical-mediated damage and decreased nitric oxide bioavailability.† (Khabunde, 2007). Other factors that maintain hypertension are caused by dysfunction in electrolyte homoeostasis especially deviations in sodium, calcium, and potassium concentrations. Sodium example has been already discussed above. In addition, calcium increases vascular contractility. It can also stimulate renin release; the same mechanism is thought to operate in obesity-mediated hypertension. Renin synthesis epinephrine, and activity of the sympathetic nervous system, which can be linked back to abnormalities seen in vascular tone. Potassium, however, helps decrease the blood pressure as it suppresses the release of renin. (Rodriguez-Cruz, 2009). This figure explains the different factors that directly affect the blood pressure, which is later affected by other different factors. In hypertension cardiac output is usually normal and therefore peripheral resistance sustains hypertension by the dysfunction in vascular function or decreases in lumen by a sedentary lifestyle. The figure is taken from Wikipedia. (Wikipedia, 2009) It can be seen the complexity of the system, as many mechanism works to sustain hypertension. In different individuals, it can be difficult to understand which systems are operational thus designing treatments can be difficult, and treatments are then usually more often designed to affect the regulatory factors rather than cause. (Randal, 1991) Treatment Treatment usually works to regulate the factors which maintain hypertension. Non-pharmacological treatments include lifestyle changes like decrease/halt in alcohol and cigarette consumption and if needed weight reduction with a more active lifestyle. Caffeine intake is also minimized as it increases the pulse rate. It is assessed that lifestyle interventions can reduce blood pressure by at least 10 mmHg in about 1 in 4 people with high blood pressure. (Association, 2009).Yet most of the times pharmacological interventions are used as they more affectively regulate blood pressure, there around 6 classes of pharmacological medications available which all perform at different levels to bring the blood pressure to normal. (Oparil Weber, Hypertension: A Companion to Brenner and Rectors The Kidney, 2005). ACE inhibitors: inhibits the assembly of angiotensin II, as a result, the vessels expand improving the blood flow. The tension in the circulation is regulated to normalcy by increase filtration by the kidneys. The decrease in levels of fluids also helps reduce blood pressure. This medication is used only when other medications are not working. Angiotensin-II receptor antagonists: they work in an analogous manner to ACE inhibitors. However, instead of stopping the production of angiotensin II, they prevent its action on the receptors. Again vessels are able to expand, improving blood flow and reducing blood pressure. Beta-blockers block the effects of sympathetic nervous system and the hormone epinephrine. This decreases the cardiac output as it relaxes the heart so the pulse rate is slowed down, lowering the blood pressure. Alpha-blockers: triggers the vessels to ease and expand. Giving them in combination with beta-blockers has a greater effect. Calcium-channel blockers: expand the arteries to reduce the muscle tension and also decrease the cardiac output by relaxing the heart muscles so it pumps more slowly, reducing blood pressure. Diuretics: help clear the unnecessary sodium and water thru kidneys, which decrease the osmotic pressure. They also relax the blood vessels reducing the strain on them. (Uren Rutherford, 2004) Treatment for hypertension is throughout ones life as hypertension is not curable; however, all the drug classes above help maintain the blood pressure quite well within the normal range. Summary The complexity of pathophysiologic mechanisms that lead to high blood pressure is such that selective antihypertensive treatment is rarely possible and a number of drugs and lifestyle changes are required to bring any change. Hypertension is widespread among middle-aged and elderly and controlling their blood pressure is a challenge we face as we still have not properly understood the underlying causes of primary/essential hypertension. (Oparil, Zaman, Calhoun, Pathogenesis of Hypertension, 2003). Bibliography Association, B. P. (2009, March 4). High Blood Pressure. Retrieved March 8, 2010, from Patients UK: http://www.patient.co.uk/health/High-Blood-Pressure-(Hypertension).htm Carretero, O. A., Opari, l. S. (2000, Jan 25). Essential hypertension. Part I: definition and aetiology. Circulation, 3(101), 329-335. Chobanian, A. V., Bakris, G. L., Black, H. R., Cushman, W. C., Green, L. A., Izzo, J. L., et al. (2003, December 1). Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension, 42, 1206-1252. Dreisbach, A. W., Sharma, S. (2010, Feb 19). Hypertension and Kidney. Retrieved March 8, 2010, from Emedicine: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-overview Haslam, D., James, W. (2005). Obesity. The Lancet, 366, 1197-1209. Khabunde, R. E. (2007, January 04). Primary (essential) hypertension. Retrieved March 8, 2010, from Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts: http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP024.htm McPhee, S. J., Papadakis, M. A., Tierney, L. M. (2008). Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2008. United States: McGraw-Hill. Oparil, S., Weber, M. A. (2005). Hypertension: A Companion to Brenner and Rectors The Kidney (2nd ed.). United States: Elsevier. Oparil, S., Zaman, M. A., Calhoun, a. D. (2003). Pathogenesis of Hypertension. PHYSIOLOGY IN MEDICINE: A SERIES OF ARTICLES LINKING MEDICINE WITH SCIENCE, 761-776. Randal, l. O. (1991). Physiology and pathophysiology of hypertension. Journal of the Association for Academic Minority Physicians, 151-155. Rodriguez-Cruz, E. (2009, Nov 16). Hypertension. Retrieved March 8, 2010, from eMedicine: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/889877-overview Supiano, M. A. (2001, Dec 2). Hypertension: Classification, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Evaluation and Treatment. Retrieved March 8, 2010, from Armenian Health Network: http://www.health.am/hypertension/hypertension/#Pathophysiology Uren, N., Rutherford, D. (2004, Sept 24). High blood pressure (hypertension). Retrieved March 8, 2010, from Net Doctor: http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/diseases/facts/hypertension.htm Wikipedia. (2009, June 8). Arterial Pressure. Retrieved March 8, 2010, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arterial_pressure_diagram.png Williams, B. (2010, Feb 10). Secondary Hypertension. Retrieved March 8, 2010, from Hypertension: Overview, Causes, Symptoms, Risk factors, Treatment: http://www.health.am/hypertension/secondary-hypertension/

Mission Critical: A Closer Look into the Performance Appraisal Process Essay

The performance management cycle begins with objective setting where the appraisee ought to be oriented about performance expectations for the given performance period. Throughout the period, performance is measured officially through the performance appraisal exercise, where the appraiser is given the chance to give performance feedback through an interview. The performance management system is meaningfully linked to rewards based on outcomes or results. Following all these, modifications are implemented to objectives and activities, including the drafting of an individual development plan for closing competency gaps (Clarke, Rogers, & Miklos, 1996). Types of Performance Appraisal Systems Traditionally, employee performance has been evaluated solely by supervisors. Recently, however, organizations have realized that supervisors see only certain aspects of an employee’s behavior. For instance, a manager might see only 30% of his staff’s behavior; the rest is observed by customers, peers, and support staff in other parts of the organization. Furthermore, the staff might behave differently around her supervisor than around other people. Consequently, to obtain an accurate view of the staff’s performance, these other sources should provide feedback. The buzzword for using multiple sources to appraise performance is 360-degree feedback (Gruner, 1997). Sources of relevant information include supervisors, peers, subordinates, customers, and self-appraisal. According to Conway and Huffcutt (1997), there is often very little agreement in the way that two supervisors evaluate an employee or that a supervisor and a peer might rate an employee. Interestingly, supervisors whose self-ratings agree with others’ ratings tend to be better performers than supervisors whose ratings are not consistent with others’ (Witt, 1996). Supervisor Appraisals By far, the most common type of performance appraisal is the supervisor rating. In fact, Bernardin & Beatty (1984) estimated that over 90% of all performance appraisals are conducted using supervisors’ ratings of performance. Supervisors are best able to evaluate the extent to which an employee contributes to the overall success of the organization. Through supervisors may not see every minute of an employee’s behavior, they do see the end result. A superior may not actually see a staff sign up customers but will review the overall output for the day. Peer Appraisals Whereas supervisors see the results of an employee’s efforts, peers often see the actual behavior. Peer ratings usually come from employees who work directly with an employee. An employee may be rated by those in the same level or position. However, other employees in the organization, those who often come in contact with the employee, can also provide useful information. Research has shown that peer ratings are fairly reliable only when the peers who make the ratings are similar to and sell acquainted with the employees being rated (Mumford, 1983). Most important, peer ratings have been successful in predicting the future success of promoted employees as they correlate highly with supervisor ratings (Cederbloom, 1989). But even through peer ratings appear promising, few organizations use them. One reason could be that peer ratings are lenient when used for evaluation purposes bit not when they are used only to provide feedback (Farh, Cannella, & Bedeian, 1991a). Research suggests that certain employees are more lenient in their peer ratings than are other employees. Saavedra & Kwun (1993) found that high performers evaluate their peers more strictly than do low performers. This difference in ratings is probably because employees compare others to themselves. Thus, the average employee does not appear impressive to a high performer but may to a less productive employee. Though peers may provide a unique view of performance, employees tend to react worse to negative feedback from peers than they do to feedback from experts (Albright & Levy, 1995). Employees who score high in self-esteem, high in self-monitoring, and low in individualism react most favorably to peer ratings (Long, Long & Dobbins, 1998). Subordinate Appraisals Subordinate feedback, also called upward feedback is an important component of 360-degree feedback, as subordinates can provide a very different view about a supervisor’s behavior (Whetstone, 1994). However, with the exception of students rating teachers, formal methods are neither common nor well regarded by managers (McEvoy, 1990). Subordinate ratings can be difficult to obtain because employees fear a backlash if they unfavorably rate their supervisor, especially when a supervisor has only one or two subordinates. However, subordinates’ feedback can be encouraged if supervisors appear open to employee comments (Baumgartner, 1994) and if the ratings are made anonymously (Antonioni, 1994). Interestingly, subordinate ratings correlate highly with upper management ratings of supervisors’ performance (Furnham & Stringfield, 1994). Research indicates that subordinate feedback can enhance managerial performance, especially that of poorly performing managers (Walker, 1997). This improvement in performance holds especially for areas targeted for improvement (Clarke et al, 1996). Customer Appraisals Though it would be unlikely that an organization would ask customers to fill out a performance appraisal instrument on an employee, organizations do value customer feedback. Informally, customers provide feedback on employee performance by filing complaints or complimenting a manager about one of his subordinates. Formally, customers provide feedback by completing evaluation cards (Farh et al, 1991a). Self-appraisal Allowing an employee to evaluate her own behavior and performance is a technique used by 12% of a sample of organizations (Lazer & Wikstrom, 1977). Research on self-appraisal, however, has demonstrated that self-appraisals tend to suffer from leniency (Meyer, 1980) and correlate moderately (r=. 29) with actual performance (Mabe & West, 1982) and poorly with subordinate ratings (London & Wohlers, 1991). However, when evaluations are made with clear rating standards and social comparison information, agreement is increased between self- and supervisor ratings (Keeping & Sulky, 1996). The leniency found in the self-ratings of US workers may not generalize to other countries. Farh, Dobbins, and Cheng (1991b) found that the self-ratings of Taiwanese workers suffered from modesty rather than leniency However, Furnham & Stringfield (1994) and Yu and Murphy (1993) found leniency in the self-ratings of Mainland Chinese employees. Further research is still needed to investigate potential cultural differences in Mainland Chinese ratings. Self-appraisals of performance appear to be the most accurate when the purpose of the self-appraisal is for either research or performance appraisal review interviews rather than for such administrative purposes as raises or promotions (Williams & Levy, 1992), and when employees believe that an objective record of their performance is available with which the supervisor can compare the self-appraisal (Farh & Werbel, 1986). Systems for Evaluating Performance  Trait-focused appraisal systems. A trait-focused system concentrates on employees’ attributes such as their dependability, assertiveness, and friendliness. Though commonly used, trait focused performance appraisal instruments are not a good idea because they provide poor feedback and thus will not result in employee development and growth (Kingstrom & Bass, 1981). For example, in a performance review meeting in which the supervisor tells an employee that she received low ratings on responsibility and friendliness, the employee is likely to become defensive. Furthermore, the employee will want specific examples the supervisor may not have available (Kingstrom & Bass, 1981). Behavior-focused performance appraisal systems. Behavior-focused instruments focus on what an employee does. Instead of rating them on personal traits, a behavior-focused instrument would rate him or her on specific behaviors. For example, in the case of a bank teller, some behaviors that may be rated on are as follows: â€Å"Knows customers’ names†, and â€Å"Thanks customer after each transaction. The obvious advantage to a behavior-focused system is the amount of specific feedback that can be given to each employee. Further, the focus on behavior rather than traits does not only reduce employee defensiveness but reduces legal problems (Kingstrom & Bass, 1981). There are various methods for rating behavior, as follows: Graphic rating scales. The most common rating scale is the graphic rating scale. Such scales are simple, with 5 to 7 points accompanied by words such as good and poor anchoring the ends of the scale. The obvious advantage to graphic rating scales is their ease of construction and use, but they have been criticized because of their susceptibility to such rating errors as halo and leniency (Kingstrom & Bass, 1981). Behaviorally anchored rating scales. P. C. Smith and Kendall (1983) developed behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARSs), which use critical incidents (samples of behavior) to provide meaning to the numbers on a rating scale. To use the scale when actually rating performance, the supervisor compares the incidents she has recorded for each employee to the incidents on the scale. This can be done in one of two ways. The most accurate (and time consuming) method compares each of the recorded incidents to the anchors and records the value of the incident on the scale that most closely resembles the recorded incident. The value for each incident is summed and divided by the total number of incidents recorded for that dimension; this yields an average incident value, which is the employee’s rating for that particular job dimension (Smith & Kendall, 1983). In the second method, which is easier but is less accurate, all of the recorded incidents are read to obtain a general impression of each employee. This general impression is compared to the incidents that anchor each scale point. The scale point next to the incident that most closely resembles the general impression gained from the incidents then becomes an employee’s score for that dimension (Smith & Kendall, 1983). Evaluation of Performance Appraisal Methods We now come to the question of assessing which appraisal method is best. Research has shown that more complicated techniques such as BARS, forced-choice scales, and mixed standard scales are only occasionally superior to inexpensive and uncomplicated graphic rating scales (Giffin, 1989). In fact, behavioral anchors sometimes bias supervisors’ ratings by forcing them to concentrate on specific behaviors (Murphy & Constans, 1987). Yet graphic rating scales are seldom superior to these more complicated rating methods. Although the more complicated techniques are only more psychometrically sound, they still have some advantages over graphic rating scales. Because employees are directly involved in creating techniques such as BARS, they tend to see performance evaluation results as being more fair. Furthermore, many supervisors who make such ratings prefer many of the more complicated behavioral approaches. Finally feedback from BARS may lead to greater increases in future performance than feedback from graphic rating scales (Hom, DeNisi, Kinicki, & Bannister, 1982). Though many of the behavioral methods yield similar results, the same is not true when comparing subjective and objective ratings. A meta-analysis by Bommer, Johnson, Rich, Podsakoff, and Mackenzie (1995) indicated that objective and subjective results are only slightly correlated (r=. 39). Interestingly, there was a stronger relationship between objective and subjective ratings of quantity (r=. 8) than between objective and subjective ratings of quality (r=. 24). From a legal perspective, courts are more interested in the due process afforded by a performance appraisal system that in its technical aspects. After reviewing 295 circuit court decision regarding performance appraisal, Werner & Bolino (1997) concluded that performance appraisal systems are most likely to survive a legal challenge if they are based on job analysis, if raters receive training and written instructions, if employees are allowed to review results, and if ratings from multiple raters are consistent. Rating Errors Some of the errors that may be committed in appraising performance are discussed below: Distribution errors. A common type of error in evaluating employee performance involves the distribution of ratings on a rating scale; such errors are known as distribution errors. One kind of distribution error is called leniency error because certain raters tend to rate every employee at the upper end of the scale regardless of the actual performance of the employee. A related error is central tendency error, which results in a supervisor’s rating every employee in the middle of the scale. Still another error, strictness error, rates every employee at the lower end of the scale. These types of errors pose problems for an organization because two employees doing equal work will receive different ratings if one employee is supervised by a lenient rater and another by a strict rater. This problem can be eliminated partly by having several people rate each employee (Kane & Lawler, 1979), although this is not often feasible, especially in small brand offices with only one manager or supervisor. Halo errrors. A halo error occurs when a rater allows either a single attribute or an overall impression of an individual to affect ratings that she makes on each relevant job dimension. Halo effects occur especially when the rater has little knowledge of the job and is less familiar with the person being rated (Kozlowski, Kirsh, & Chao, 1986). Usually, halo error is statistically determined by correlating the ratings for each dimension with those for the other dimensions. If there are highly correlated, halo error is often said to have occurred. However, some authors argue that many times consistent ratings across several dimensions indicate not error but actual employee performance. Halo errors may or may not be a serious problem, but they can be reduced by having supervisors rated each trait at several times. That is, the supervisor might rate the employee on attendance one day and then rate her on dependability the next day (Balzer & Sulzky, 1992). Proximity errors. Proximity errors occur when a rating made on one dimension affects the rating on the dimension that immediately follows it on the rating scale. With proximity error, only the dimensions physically located nearest a particular dimension on the rating scale are affected; the reason for the effect, in fact, is the close physical proximity of the dimension rather than the overall impression (Balzer & Sulzky, 1992). Contrast errors. The performance ratings one person receives can be influenced by the performance of the previously evaluated person. These errors can occur between separate performance evaluations of the same person. That is, the ratings received by one person on one performance appraisal will affect the ratings made on an appraisal six months later (Bravo & Kravitz, 1996). Contrast effects occur only when the person making the evaluation actually sees the employee perform and rates the employee during both rating periods. Even if a new supervisor reads that an employee’s previous evaluations were excellent but observes poor performance by the employee, she will probably continue to give excellent ratings – even though the employee’s performance deteriorated. Smither et al (1988) call this rating error assimilation. Sampling Problems Recency effect. Performance appraisals are typically conducted once or twice a year. The evaluation is designed to cover all of the behaviors that have taken place during the previous 6 months to a year. Research has demonstrated, however, that recent behaviors are given more weight in the performance evaluation than behaviors that occurred during the first few months of the evaluation period. Such an effect penalizes workers who performed well during most of the period but tailed off toward the end, and it rewards workers who save their best work until just before the evaluation (Bravo & Kravitz, 1996). Infrequent observation. Another problem that affects performance appraisals is that many managers or supervisor do not have the opportunity to observe a representative sample of employee behavior. Infrequent observation occurs for two reasons. First, managers are often so busy with their own work that they often have no time to â€Å"walk the floor† and observe their employees’ behavior. Instead, they make inferences based on completed work or employee personality traits (Conway & Huffcutt, 1997). This problem can be alleviated somewhat by having several raters evaluate the employee. Other raters can be other supervisors, peers, and even customers. A meta-analysis conducted by Conway and Huffcutt (1997) indicated that supervisor ratings on the average correlate . 34 with peer ratings. Thus, even though the two groups tend to agree with one another, the agreement is certainly not perfect. Cognitive Processing of Observed Behavior Observation of behavior. Just because an employee’s behavior is observed does not guarantee that it will be properly remembered or recalled during the performance appraisal. Cooper (1981) indicates that raters recall those behaviors that are consistent with the general impression of an employee (a halo). And the greater the time interval between the actual behavior and the performance rating, the greater the probability that halo and distortion errors occur. Furthermore, raters who are familiar with the job being evaluated recall more judgments about performance but fewer behaviors than do raters who are unfamiliar with the job (Cooper, 1981). But even though memory-based ratings lead to more distortion, in many circumstances they are more accurate than ratings made immediately after the behaviors occur (Murphy & Blazer, 1986). The reason for these increases in halo and accuracy is not clear. Supervisors perhaps realize that it will be a long internal between observation of employee behavior and the formal evaluation of that behavior and that they will not be able to remember specific behaviors. Thus, they form an overall impression of the employee and an ideal and a poor employee and evaluate the employee on the basis of comparison with the ideal (Murphy & Blazer, 1986). Emotional state. The amount of stress under which a supervisor operates also affects her performance ratings. Srinivas and Motowidlo (1987) found that raters who were placed in a stressful situation produced ratings with more errors than did raters who were not under stress. This finding is important because performance evaluations are often conducted hurriedly as supervisors evaluated employee performance so that they can return to their â€Å"real† work. Raters who like the person being rated may be more lenient and less accurate in rating employees than are raters who neither like nor dislike their employees. But this does not mean that a person who is liked will always receive higher ratings than someone who is disliked. The rater may overcompensate in an effort to be â€Å"fair†. The rater’s feelings or affect, toward an employee may interfere with the cognitive processing of actual performance information (Srinivas and Motowidlo, 1987). Research has also indicated that racial bias exists in performance evaluations. Kraiger and Ford (1985) conducted a meta-analysis of 74 studies and found that White raters gave higher performance ratings to White employees and that Black raters gave higher ratings to Black employees. Interestingly, this bias occurred only with studies involving real organizations; laboratory research seldom reveal racial bias in rating. Communicating Appraisal Results to Employees Perhaps the most important use of performance evaluation data is to provide feedback to the employee and assess his or her strengths and weaknesses so that further training can be implemented. Although this feedback and training should be an ongoing process, the semi-annual evaluation might be the best time to formally discuss employee performance. Furthermore, holding a formal review interview places the organization on better legal ground in the event of a lawsuit (Field & Holley, 1982). Normally, in most organizations a supervisor spends a few minutes with employees every six months to tell them about the scores they received during the most recent performance evaluation period. This process is probably the norm because most managers do not like to judge others; because of this dislike, they try to complete the evaluation process as quickly as possible (Field & Holley, 1982). Furthermore, seldom does evaluating employees benefit the supervisor. The best scenario is to hear no complaints, and the worst scenario is a lawsuit. In fact, one study demonstrated that dissatisfaction and a decrease in organizational commitment occurs even when an employee receives an evaluation that is â€Å"satisfactory† but not outstanding (Pearce & Porter, 1986). Finally, in the â€Å"tell and sell† approach to performance appraisal interviews, a supervisor â€Å"tells† an employee everything she has done poorly and then â€Å"sells† her on the ways in which she can improve. This method, however, accomplishes little. There are certain techniques that will make the performance appraisal interview more effective, and these are discussed in the following sections. Both the supervisor and the employee must have time to prepare for the review interview. Both should be allowed at least 1 hour to prepare before an interview and at least 1 hour before the interview itself (Pearce & Porter, 1986). The interview location should be a neutral place that ensures privacy and allows the supervisor and the employee to face one another without a desk between them as a communication barrier (Rhoads, 1997). Performance appraisal review interviews should be scheduled at least once every 6 months for most employees and more often for new employees. Review interviews are commonly scheduled 6 months after an employee begins working for the organization. It is important to note that while formal performance review interviews occur only twice a year, informal â€Å"progress checks† should be held throughout the year to provide feedback (Rhoads, 1997). While preparing for the interview, the supervisor should review the ratings she has assigned to the employee and the reasons for those ratings. This step is important because the quality of feedback given to employees will affect their satisfaction with the entire performance appraisal process (King, 1984). Meanwhile the employee should rate her own performance, using the same format as the supervisor. The employee also should write down specific reasons and examples that support the ratings she gives herself (King, 1984). At the outset of the interview, the supervisor should communicate the following: 1) the role of the performance appraisal – that making decisions about salary increases and terminations is not its sole purpose; 2) how the performance appraisal was conducted; and 3) how the evaluation process was accomplished. It is advisable that the supervisor also communicate her own feelings about the performance appraisal process (Kelly, 1984). The review process is probably best begun with the employee communicating her own ratings and her justification for those ratings. Research indicates that employees who are actively involved in the interview from the start will be more satisfied with the results. The supervisor then communicates his ratings and his reasons for them (King, 1984). At the conclusion of the interview, goals should be mutually set for future performance and behavior, and both supervisor and employee should understand how these goals are met (Cederbloom, 1982). On the whole, the performance appraisal process, with its inherent difficulties, may be leveraged on to improve organizational productivity. Proper management of this process shall help motivate employees, and ultimately, bring more to the enterprise’s coffers.